Pain typically is measured by patient self-report, but self-reported pain is difficult to interpret and may be impaired or in some circumstances not possible to obtain. For instance, in patients with restricted verbal abilities such as neonates, young children, and in patients with certain neurological or psychiatric impairments (e.g., dementia). Additionally, the subjectively experienced pain may be partly or even completely unrelated to the somatic pathology of tissue damage and other disorders. Therefore, the standard self-assessment of pain does not always allow for an objective and reliable assessment of the quality and intensity of pain. Given individual differences among patients, their families, and healthcare providers, pain often is poorly assessed, underestimated, and inadequately treated. To improve assessment of pain, objective, valid, and efficient assessment of the onset, intensity, and pattern of occurrence of pain is necessary. To address these needs, several efforts have been made in machine learning and computer vision community for automatic and objective assessment of pain from video as a powerful alternative to self-reported pain.

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